Belief in getting ahead shrinks among Koreans
According to Statistics Korea Monday, five out of 10 Koreans surveyed last year said they believe their children won’t be more comfortable than they were, which is higher than three out of 10 a decade ago.
The statistics were gloomiest for respondents in their 30s. While only 30 percent were pessimistic in the 2006 survey, that figure doubled to 60 percent last year.
When asked whether they would be able to climb the social ladder in their lifetime, 21.8 percent of Koreans said they might. This is a huge drop from 60 percent in 1994. Furthermore, 70 percent of people in their 30s and 40s, who are most likely to be working, said the possibility of climbing the social ladder in their lifetime is impossible.
“[In the past] there were people who were confident that their lives would improve if they worked hard enough, even if there is income disparity among the rich and the poor. But today they seem less optimistic,” said Kim Hi-sam, a professor of education at Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology. “In the past 20 years, there have been a rising number of people who are less optimistic about their chances of climbing the social ladder and this might have negative impacts on productivity in the future.”
In the past 20 years, Koreans who believe they are in the bottom tier of the income group rose from 12 percent to 20 percent, while those who said they are in the middle income group dropped from 60 percent to 53 percent.
People with low incomes were more pessimistic about their futures when compared to those with high incomes, the statistics agency said.
Even though many Koreans are going to college to gain better job opportunities, recent statistics show that simply having a degree may not be enough to climb the social ladder.
“More Koreans are pursuing higher education but there is an imbalance in supply and demand in the country’s labor market,” said Kim Kyoung-yong, a director at Statistics Korea. “The number of women entering college has increased significantly compared to the past but the data shows that it didn’t have much of an impact on raising the overall economically active population.”
The data shows that the rate of Koreans with college degrees was 45 percent, but only 21.6 percent of jobs required such degrees or specific knowledge of technology and management.
“It also appears that wages and benefits offered by employers vary by the size of the company,” said Kim at the statistics agency.
Wages at companies with fewer than 300 employees was only around 39.3 percent to 76.4 percent of the wages paid by companies with more than 300 employees. 95 percent of workers at companies with more than 300 employees had all major types of insurance — including health, national pension and employment insurance —while only 41 percent of people working at companies with fewer than 10 people were insured to such a degree.
“We also found big gaps in terms of job stability between large companies and small companies,” said Kim. “Big companies had higher productivity and operating profits compared to small ones.”
According to the data, employees at companies with more than 300 people worked an average of 11 years, a figure that dropped to 2.9 years at companies with fewer than 10 employees. The rate of workers who involuntarily leave their jobs was 13.8 percent for big companies and 23.2 percent for small ones as of last year.
Labor productivity for companies with fewer than 300 workers was only about 37 percent of the rate for big companies in 2001.
That figure dropped to 29.4 percent in 2013. The operating-profit-to-sales ratio for large companies was around 5 percent in 2014, while it was only around 3 percent for small companies.
Meanwhile, other data released by the government showed that the ongoing corporate restructuring is taking a toll on the local labor market.
In some analyses, employment is measured in the number of workers who have insurance.
The number of employees with insurance grew by 2.3 percent year on year, or 283,000, to reach 12.69 million last month, the Ministry of Employment and Labor said. It is the second month in a row that the figure rose by less than 300,000, and the 283,000 recorded in November was the lowest growth in 6 years and 2 months, or since September 2010.
The number of employees insured in the transportation and manufacturing sector, which includes the shipping industry, dropped by 284,000 when compared to the previous year.
BY KIM YOUNG-NAM [kim.youngnam@joongang.co.kr]
with the Korea JoongAng Daily
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